8 10 13 16 20 23 60 97 1873 1881 1912 1926 1927 1928 1930 1947 1948 1952 1954 1976 2009 2012 2013 Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS tj r TEWR ing June was a British mathematician logician cryptanalyst and computer scientist He highly influential in the development of science giving formalisation concepts algorithm computation with machine which can be considered model general purpose is widely to father artificial intelligence During World War II worked for Government Code Cypher School GC CS at Bletchley Park Britain s codebreaking centre For time he head Hut section responsible German naval cryptanalysis devised number techniques breaking ciphers including method bombe an electromechanical that could find settings Enigma After war National Physical Laboratory where designed ACE one first designs stored program In joined Max Newman Computing Manchester University assisted computers became interested mathematical biology wrote paper on chemical basis morphogenesis predicted oscillating reactions such as Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction were observed 1960s homosexuality resulted criminal prosecution when homosexual acts still illegal United Kingdom accepted treatment female hormones castration alternative prison died just over two weeks before his 42nd birthday from cyanide poisoning An inquest determined death suicide mother some others believed accidental On September following Internet campaign Prime Minister Gordon Brown made official public apology behalf government appalling way treated May private member bill put House Lords grant statutory pardon July it gained support Early life career born London while leave position Indian Civil Service ICS Chhatrapur Bihar Orissa Province India Julius son clergyman Scottish family merchants had been based Netherlands included baronet wife Ethel Sara n e Stoney daughter Edward Waller chief engineer Madras Railways The Stoneys Protestant Anglo Irish gentry both County Tipperary Longford herself spent much her childhood Clare work brought grandfather Bengal Army However wanted their children up England so they moved Maida Vale recorded by blue plaque outside house birth later Colonnade Hotel elder brother John Sir Dermot 12th Baronet baronets His civil service commission active during years parents travelled between Hastings leaving sons stay retired couple Very early showed signs genius display prominently purchased Guildford lived there school holidays location also marked enrolled him St Michael day Charles Road Leonards Sea age six headmistress recognised talent did many subsequent educators went Sherborne well known independent market town Dorset term coincided General Strike but attend rode bicycle unaccompanied more than miles km Southampton stopping overnight inn natural inclination toward mathematics not earn respect teachers whose definition education placed emphasis classics headmaster I hope will fall stools If must aim becoming educated solely Scientific Specialist wasting Despite this continued show remarkable ability studies loved solving advanced problems without having studied even elementary calculus aged encountered Albert Einstein only grasp extrapolated questioning Newton laws motion text never explicit At formed important friendship fellow pupil Christopher Morcom provided inspiration future endeavours cut short February complications bovine tuberculosis contracted after drinking infected cow milk previously This event shattered religious faith atheist adopted conviction all phenomena workings human brain materialistic survival spirit