2018-11-12 10:47:50 +00:00
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---
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layout: page
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2018-11-14 13:28:12 +00:00
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category-page: fs
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category-title: FileSystem
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2018-11-12 10:47:50 +00:00
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tags: list file
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author: Mirko Ponzio
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title: ls
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---
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<p>
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The command <code>ls</code> stands for "LiSt"<br>
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In computing, ls is a command to list computer files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.
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ls is specified by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification.<br>
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When invoked without any arguments, ls lists the files in the current working directory.<br>
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The command is also available in the EFI shell. In other environments, such as DOS and Microsoft
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Windows, similar functionality is provided by the dir command.<br>
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Unix and Unix-like operating systems maintain the idea of a current working directory,
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that is, where one is currently positioned in the hierarchy of directories.<br>
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When invoked without any arguments, ls lists the files in the current working directory.
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If another directory is specified, then ls will list the files there, and in fact the user may
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specify any list of files and directories to be listed.<br>
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Files whose names start with "." are not listed, unless the -a flag is specified,
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the -A flag is specified, or the files are specified explicitly.<br>
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Without options, ls displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes
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it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files.<br><br>
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<h3>Flags</h3>
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The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are:
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<ul>
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<li> -l long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links,
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owner, group, size, last-modified date and filename </li>
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<li> -f do not sort. Useful for directories containing large numbers of files. </li>
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<li> -F appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable,
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or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.</li>
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<li> -a lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "."
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(which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.</li>
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<li> -R recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files. </li>
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<li> -d shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's
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target or listing the contents of a directory. </li>
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<li> -t sort the list of files by modification time. </li>
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<li> -h print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.) This option is not
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part of the POSIX standard, although implemented in several systems, e.g.,
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GNU coreutils in 1997, FreeBSD 4.5 in 2002, and Solaris 9 in 2002. </li>
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</ul>
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</p>
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