2018-11-05 20:03:04 +00:00
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---
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layout: page
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2018-11-10 21:05:37 +00:00
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category-title: Basic commands
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2018-11-08 19:52:08 +00:00
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category-page: basic
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2018-11-08 08:21:27 +00:00
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tags: directory list
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2018-11-11 11:00:42 +00:00
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author: Alessandro Marinelli
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title: ls
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2018-11-09 18:42:56 +00:00
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previous-page: pages/cmd/basic/cd.html
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2018-11-05 20:03:04 +00:00
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---
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2018-11-08 08:06:13 +00:00
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2018-11-09 18:42:56 +00:00
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<p>The <code>ls</code> command is used to list a directory content or a file.<br>
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The name stands for <i>LiSt</i>.
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<h2>Syntax</h2>
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<p>The default ls command syntax is:
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<pre>ls [flags] [path]</pre>
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Where [flags] are the ls flags, read below for more info,and [path] is the
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(optional) path (absolute or relative).If no path is provided the current
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directory is listed.</p>
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<h2>Usage</h2> <br>
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<h3> List the elements on the current working directory </h3>
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<p> Let's see how to show a list containing the elements included in the
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current working directory</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Multimedia.Folder YourName$ ls
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Other Multimedia This is a file,not a folder.jpg
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Photos Videos
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</pre>
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<p> As you can see, typing <code> ls</code> in the Unix Shell, will give as output
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the list of elements contained in the actual working directory,which,in our case, is a folder named <u><code>Multimedia.folder</code></u>.<br>
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Elements listed can be files (look for exemple at the element<u><code> This is a file,not a folder.jpg</code></u>),
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such as other directories
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(look for example at the folder <u> <code> Photos</code></u> ).
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<h3> List the elements contained in a directory </h3>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Multimedia.Folder YourName$ ls Photos
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01.jpg 02.jpg
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03.jpg 04.jpg
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</pre>
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<p> As you can see, now the Unix Shell is showing us the elements contained
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in the folder <u> <code> Photos</code></u>. </p>
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<p> <storng> Notice: </strong> <u> <code> Photos</code></u> is a valid path
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because it is actually the relative path of a folder contained in the current working directory.<br>
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You have to put the absolute path if you want to list elements which are not contained in the
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current working directory </p>
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<h3> Show hidden files </h3>
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<p> You can include hidden files (those which name starts with ".") in the displayed list using the <u><code>-a</code></u> flag </p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Multimedia.Folder YourName$ ls -a Photos
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. 01.png
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.. 02.png
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.DS_Store 03.png
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.secret.png 04.jpg
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</pre>
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<p>As you can see, now the SHELL shows more files for the same directory</p>
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<h3> Show list in long format </h3>
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<pre>
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Device-Name:Photos YourName$ ls -l
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total 10816
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-rw-r--r--@ 1 YourName YourGroup 3143706 4 Ott 13:28 01.png
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-rw-r--r--@ 1 YourName YourGroup 2269193 28 Ott 18:58 02.png
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-rw-r--r--@ 1 YourName YourGroup 37900 28 Ott 22:07 03.png
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-rw-r--r--@ 1 YourName YourGroup 75924 20 Ott 16:01 04.jpg
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</pre>
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<p> If the <u><code>-l</code></u> flag is given, the following information will be displayed for
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each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
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bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
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fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
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name. In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
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total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
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displayed on a line by itself, immediately before the information for the
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files in the directory. </p>
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