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Intermediate ping and apropos modified, ping as a problem the text is not allign

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site/pages/cmd/interm/apropos.html
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@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ layout: page
category-page: intermediate
category-title: intermediate commands
author: Joy Albertini
tags: search tag man apropos
tags: search tag apropos keyword
title: apropos
---
<p>The <code>apropos</code>
Apropos is a command to search in the shell with a keyword, it will output all command related to the keyword <br>
Device-name:Current-position username$ apropos keyword; example with the command <code>apropos archive</code>, the shell will output tar, zip ecc... </p>
Apropos is a command to search command in the shell with a keyword, it will output all command related to the keyword <br>
Example with the command <code>apropos archive</code>, the shell will output tar, zip ecc... </p>
<pre>
apropos archive
apropos [-flag] keyword
</pre>
<!-- no flag -->
<ul>
<li><code>-V</code> (version) print version of the comnmand<br></li>
<li><code>-h</code> Help message how to use apropos</li>
</ul>

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site/pages/cmd/interm/ping.html
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@ -6,65 +6,93 @@ author: Joy Albertini
tags: server ping latency UNIX
title: ping
---
<p>The <code>ping</code> command , is used to test connection between a local server/computer to a remote UNIX server.
The ping command sends ICMP Echo Request packets to the remote server for accessing it.
Each packet echoed back (via an ICMP Echo Response packet) is written to the shell output.<br></p>
Usage:
<ul>
<li> test remote server if working. </li>
<li> test network connectivity from your local machine to server </li>
<li> general network problems </li>
<ul>
<br>
<p>
Example; Device-name:Current-position username$ ping IP address; ping 192.168.3.2 <br>
Device-name:Current-position username$ ping Server_name; ping yahoo.com <br>
The shell will output something like this: 64 bytes from 98.138.219.232: icmp_seq=0 ttl=49 time=144.781 ms for each packets that return (echoed back).
Important to stop the ping command press control + c. </p>
The <code>ping</code> command, is used to test connection between a <b>local server/computer</b> to a <b>remote UNIX server</b>.
The ping command sends <b>ICMP Echo Request packets</b> to the remote server for accessing it.
Each <b>packet echoed back </b> (via an ICMP Echo Response packet) is written to the shell output.
</p>
<p>
Usage:
<ul>
<li> test remote server if working. </li>
<li> test network connectivity from your local machine to server </li>
<li> general network problems </li>
<ul>
<p>Example:
<ul>
<li> ping IP address = <code>ping 192.168.3.2</code></li>
<li> ping Server_name = <code>ping yahoo.com</code></li>
<ul>
The shell will output something like this: <b>64 bytes from 98.138.219.232: icmp_seq=0 ttl=49 time=144.781 ms </b>for each packets that return (echoed back).
To stop the ping command press <code>control + c</code> </p>
<pre>
ping 192.168.3.2
ping [-flag] server
</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>-c</code> send limited number of packets with ping -c (nr of packets) <br>
Example: ping -c 4 yahoo.com, the shell will display the first 4 packets returned, and then stop.</li>
Example: ping -c 4 yahoo.com, the shell will display the first 4 packets returned, and then stop. </li> <br>
<li><code>-n</code> avoid dns lookup, avoid to lookup symbolic names for host addresses, so only numeric output <br>
Example: ping -n yahoo.com </li>
Example: ping -n yahoo.com </li> <br>
<li><code>-a</code> get an audio warning, when the remote server comes online <br>
Example: ping -a yahoo.com, server comes online audio signal for every packets that returns</li>
<li><code>-b</code> Allow pinging a broadcast address (broadcast network, is a network with many devices on it).<br></li>
<li><code>-m</code> (mark) tag the packets going out </li>
Example: ping -a yahoo.com, server comes online audio signal for every packets that returns</li><br>
<li><code>-b</code> Allow pinging a broadcast address (broadcast network, is a network with many devices on it).<br></li> <br>
<li><code>-m</code> (mark) tag the packets going out </li> <br>
<li><code>-f</code> (Flood ping) For every ECHO_REQUEST sent (.) is printed,
for every ECHO_REPLY received, a backspace is printed.
With this command you can easily understand how many packets are being dropped.</li>
<li><code>-i</code> (interval) set the interval between seending each packet (defaultn 1 second); only super-user can set interval values less than 0.2 seconds <br>
Example: ping -i 5 yahoo.com; the pacjets will be send each 5 seconds instead of 1</li>
<li><code>-I</code> (interface-address) set souce adress to a specific interface adress, example the name of the device or IP. When pinging local adresses IPV6, is a needed flag
With this command you can easily understand how many packets are being dropped.</li> <br>
<li><code>-i</code> (interval) set the interval between seending each packet (defaultn 1 second); only super-user can set interval values
less than 0.2 seconds <br>
Example: ping -i 5 yahoo.com; the pacjets will be send each 5 seconds instead of 1</li> <br>
<li><code>-I</code> (interface-address) set souce adress to a specific interface adress,
example the name of the device or IP. When pinging local adresses IPV6, is a needed flag </li> <br>
<li><code>-l</code> (preload) ping send packets but don't wait for reply.(you need sudo = amministrator persmissions) <br>
Example: Sudo ping -l 2 yahoo.com; it will send 2 packtes without waiting for the server reply.</li>
<li><code>-L</code> Remove loopback of multicast packets </li>
<li><code>-N</code> (Nioption) send ICMpv6 request, instead of Echo requests <ul><li> <code>ipv6</code> request Ipv6 adresses </li>
<li> <code>ipv4-all</code> request Ipv4 adresses </li>
</ul>
</li>
Example: Sudo ping -l 2 yahoo.com; it will send 2 packtes without waiting for the server reply.</li> <br>
<li><code>-L</code> Remove loopback of multicast packets </li> <br>
<li><code>-N</code> (Nioption) send ICMpv6 request, instead of Echo requests
<ul>
<li> <code>ipv6</code> request Ipv6 adresses </li>
<li> <code>ipv4-all</code> request Ipv4 adresses </li>
</ul>
</li> <br>
<li><code>-p</code> (pattern) specify up to 16 number to fill out the packets you send <br>
Example: ping -p ff, al packet will be fill with ones, ff = 255 in hexadicimal, 11111111 in binary. </li>
Example: ping -p ff, al packet will be fill with ones, ff = 255 in hexadicimal, 11111111 in binary. </li> <br>
<li><code>-D</code> print timestamp (unix time + microseconds) in each line<br>
Example: ping -D yahoo.com; the shell will output 64 bytes from 72.30.35.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=137.882 ms. </li>
Example: ping -D yahoo.com; the shell will output 64 bytes from 72.30.35.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=137.882 ms. </li> <br>
<li><code>-q</code> (Quiet output) Nothing displayed except the summary lines at the start and at the end.
Example: ping -q yahoo.com, shell Output initially PING yahoo.com (72.30.35.10): 56 data bytes, and nothig else
until you stop the ping command, and the shell will display the stats. </li>
<li><code>-R<code> (Record route), displays the route buffer on the packets that include RECORD_ROUTE in the ECHO_REQUEST.</li>
<li><code>-r<code> bypass the normal routing in a directly-attached network </li>
<li><code>-s<code> (packetsize) Specifies the data bytes to send (default is 56 that + 8 byte of ICMP = 64 ICMP data bytes) <br>
Example: ping -s 33 yahoo.com; send packets of 33 + 8 ICMP = 41 bytes to yahoo.com. </li>
<li><code>-t<code> set IP time-to-live (set how long execute ping in seconds) <br>
Example: ping -t 3: the shell will ping yahoo.com for 3 seconds, and then stops.</li>
<li><code>-U<code> print full user-to-user latency (legacy ping behaviour).</li>
<li><code>-v<code> output verbose on output </li>
<li><code>-V<code> Display verion of command </li>
<li><code>-w<code> (deadline) Timeout in seconds of ping command, regardless of how many packets have been sent. </li>
<li><code>-W<code> (timeout), time waiting for a response from the server, if the server dosen't reply in the time set, the ping command will stop. </li>
until you stop the ping command, and the shell will display the stats. </li> <br>
<li><code>-R</code> (Record route), displays the route buffer on the packets that include RECORD_ROUTE in the ECHO_REQUEST.</li> <br>
<li><code>-r</code> bypass the normal routing in a directly-attached network </li> <br>
<li><code>-s</code> (packetsize) Specifies the data bytes to send (default is 56 that + 8 byte of ICMP = 64 ICMP data bytes) <br>
Example: ping -s 33 yahoo.com; send packets of 33 + 8 ICMP = 41 bytes to yahoo.com. </li> <br>
<li><code>-t</code> set IP time-to-live (set how long execute ping in seconds) <br>
Example: ping -t 3: the shell will ping yahoo.com for 3 seconds, and then stops.</li> <br>
<li><code>-U</code> print full user-to-user latency (legacy ping behaviour).</li> <br>
<li><code>-v</code> output verbose on output </li> <br>
<li><code>-V</code> Display verion of command </li> <br>
<li><code>-w</code> (deadline) Timeout in seconds of ping command, regardless of how many packets have been sent. </li> <br>
<li><code>-W</code> (timeout), time waiting for a response from the server, if the server dosen't reply in the time set, the ping command will stop. </li> <br>
</ul>