interm: added pages on Install, mount, Who commands
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layout: page
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category_title: Intermediate commands
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category-page: intermediate
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author: Marco Farace
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title: install
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---
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<h2>Use: install binaries, move or copy files</h2>
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<p>The file(s) are copied to the target file or directory. If the destination
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is a directory, then the file is copied into directory with its original
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filename. If the target file already exists, it is either renamed to
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file.old if the -b option is given or overwritten if permissions allow.
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An alternate backup suffix may be specified via the -B option's argument.
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Basic syntax is in the form <code>install [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST</code>
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<br><code>$install -D /source/folder/*.xyz /destination/folder</code><br>
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this line of code copies all .xyz file from /source/folder to
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/destination/folder</p>
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<p>
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Here are just some of the most useful options for this command:
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<ul>
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<li>-b<br></li>
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Back up any existing files before overwriting them by renaming
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them to file.old. See -B for specifying a different backup suffix.
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(-B suffix Use suffix as the backup suffix if -b is given)
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<li>-C<br></li>
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Copy the file. If the target file already exists and the files
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are the same, then don't change the modification time of the target
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<li>-d<br></li>
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Create directories. Missing parent directories are created as
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required.
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<li>-f<br></li>
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Specify the target's file flags; see chflags(1) for a list of
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possible flags and their meanings.
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<li>-g<br></li>
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Specify a group. A numeric GID is allowed.
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<li>-m<br></li>
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Specify an alternate mode. The default mode is set to rwxr-xr-x
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(0755). The specified mode may be either an octal or symbolic
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value;
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<li>-o<br></li>
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Specify an owner. A numeric UID is allowed.
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</p>
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---
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layout: page
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category_title: Intermediate commands
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category-page: intermediate
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author: Marco Farace
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title: Who/WhoamI
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---
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<h2>Use: display a list of all logged in users/display info about current user</h2>
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<p>The who utility displays a list of all users currently logged on, showing
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for each user the login name, tty name, the date and time of login, and
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hostname if not local. </p>
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<p>
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Here are just some of the most useful options for this command:
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<ul>
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<li>-b</li><br> Display time of last system boot.
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<li> -d</li><br> Print dead processes.
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<li>-H</li><br> Write column headings above the regular output.
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<li>-m</li><br> Only print information about the current terminal. This is the
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POSIX way of saying who am i.
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<li>-q</li><br> ``Quick mode'': List only the names and the number of users cur-
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rently logged on. When this option is used, all other options are
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ignored.
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<li>-s</li><br> List only the name, line and time fields. This is the default.
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<li>-T</li><br> Print a character after the user name indicating the state of the
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terminal line: `+' if the terminal is writable; `-' if it is not;
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and `?' if a bad line is encountered.
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<li>-u</li><br> Print the idle time for each user, and the associated process ID.
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<li>am I</li><br> Returns the invoker's real user name.
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<li>file</li><br> By default, who gathers information from the file /var/run/utmpx.
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An alternative file may be specified.
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<ul>
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</p>
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---
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layout: page
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category_title: Intermediate commands
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category-page: intermediate
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author: Marco Farace
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title: mount
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---
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<h2>Use: mount file systems </h2>
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<p>To access a file on a Unix-like machine, the file system that contains it
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needs to be mounted with the mount command. Mount is frequently used for
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movable storage devices such as SD cards, DVDs, etc...
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The mount command instructs the operating system that a file system is ready to
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use, and associates it with a particular point in the overall file system
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hierarchy (its mount point) and sets options relating to its access. Mounting
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makes file systems, files, directories, devices and special files available for
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use and available to the user.
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Its counterpart, umount, does exactly the opposite.
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Both mount and umount require root user persmissions.
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To display all mounted partitions just write <code> mount </code></p>
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<p> This command will mount the second partition of a HDD:<br>
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<code> $ mount /dev/hda2 /media/PHOTOS </code>
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</p>
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<p> and will unmount (by referring to the physical disk partition):<br>
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<code> $ umount /dev/hda2 </code>
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</p>
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<p> or (by referring to the mount point):<br>
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<code> $ umount /media/PHOTOS </code>
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</p>
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<p> Here are just some of the most useful options for this command:
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<ul>
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<li>-d<br></li>
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Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call.
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This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to determine
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what the mount command is trying to do.
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<li>-v<br></li>
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Verbose mode. (Gives additional detail during the mount process)
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<li>-f<br></li>
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Forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade a
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filesystem mount status from read-write to read-only.
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<li>-u<br></li>
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The -u flag indicates that the status of an already mounted file
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system should be changed. Any of the options discussed above
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(the -o option) may be changed; also a file system can be changed
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from read-only to read-write or vice versa. An attempt to change
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from read-write to read-only will fail if any files on the
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filesystem are currently open for writing unless the -f flag is
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also specified.
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<li>-w<br></li>
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Mount the file system read-write.
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<li>-o<br></li>
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Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated
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string of options. The following options are available:
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<ul>
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<li>noexec<br></li>
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Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system.
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This option is useful for a server that has file systems containing
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binaries for architectures other than its own.
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<li>noowners<br></li>
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Ignore the ownership field for the entire volume. This causes all
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objects to appear as owned by user ID 99 and group ID 99. User ID 99
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is interpreted as the current effective user ID, while group ID 99 is
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used directly and translates to ``unknown''.
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<li>nobrowse<br></li>
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This option indicates that the mount point should not be visible via
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the GUI (It will not appear on the Desktop as a separate volume).
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</ul>
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</ul>
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</p>
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