Team Basic: Adding openshell and commands man, open, say
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site/pages/cmd/basic/man.html
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34
site/pages/cmd/basic/man.html
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---
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layout: page
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category_title: Basic commands
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category-page: basic
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tags: manual
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author: De Vita Gianmarco
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title: man
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---
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<p>The <code>man</code> tool allows you to explore the various utilities
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of the Shell. To search for more information about a command, just write</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Current-position username$ man command-name
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</pre>
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<p>As result, a new session will be opened with information about the command
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you have typed (and more specifically about its functions and flags).</p>
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<p>Using some flags, you can obtain with this command the same results you get
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when you use other commands. For istance:</p>
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<h3>The <code>-k</code> flag</h3>
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<p>Using the <code>-k</code> flag, you obtain an equivalent result to
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<code>apropos</code>.</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Current-position username$ man -k command-name
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</pre>
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<h3>The <code>-f</code> flag</h3>
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<p>Using the <code>-f</code> flag, you obtain an equivalent result to
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<code>whatis</code>.</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Current-position username$ man -f command-name
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</pre>
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76
site/pages/cmd/basic/open.html
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site/pages/cmd/basic/open.html
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---
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layout: page
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author: De Vita Gianmarco
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title: OPEN
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---
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<p>You can open files and folder as new windows through the terminal.
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The command is <code>open</code>. By writing the command open followed by the
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path and the name of the file (remember that you can omit the path if
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the file is in the current position), a new window in the common user
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interface opens. Now you can work on the opened file.
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</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Current-position username$ open path/name-file
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</pre>
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<h3>Open a file with a specific application</h3>
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<p>Adding the flag <code>-a</code> to the command permit you to decide with
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which specific application open the file. Just write the flag followed by the
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name of the application.
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</p>
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<pre>
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Device-name:Current-position username$ open -a application-name path/name-file
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</pre>
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<h4>Example</h4>
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<p>Assume that I want to open with <i>Preview</i> the file
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<code>abc.pdf</code> on my Desktop.
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I have to write:
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</p>
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<pre>
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User-Device:~ user$ open -a preview Desktop/abc.pdf
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</pre>
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<p>As result, a new <i>Preview</i> window appears in pop up showing the content of the
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chosen file.
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</p>
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<h3>Open a file with <i>TextEdit</i></h3>
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<p>If you want to open a file with TextEdit, just use instead of <code>-a</code>
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the flag <code>-e</code> and write the path and the name of the file you want
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to open.</p>
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<pre>
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User-Device:~ user$ open -e Desktop/text.txt
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</pre>
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<h3>Open the folder which contains the file</h3>
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<p>If you want to open the folder that contains a specific file, just use
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the flag <code>-R</code> and write the path and the name of the file you want to open.
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</p>
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<pre>
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User-Device:~ user$ open -R Desktop/text.txt
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</pre>
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<p>As result, a new <i>Finder</i> window opens the folder displaying its content.</p>
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<h3>Open a file as a text</h3>
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<p>If you want to open a file with your default text editor (determined via
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LaunchServices), just use the flag <code>-t</code> and write the path and the name of
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the file you want to open.</p>
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<pre>
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User-Device:~ user$ open -t Desktop/text.txt
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</pre>
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<h3>Visit a Website</h3>
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<p>You can use this tool not only to open files and folders, but also webpages.
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Just write the command <code>open</code> followed by the <code>URL</code> of the page
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you want to visit. For example, by typing the command</p>
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<pre>
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User-Device:~ user$ open http://www.google.com
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</pre>
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<p>A new page of your default browser will open on the indicated page (in this
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example, the main page of the Google Search Engine). </p>
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50
site/pages/cmd/basic/openshell.html
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site/pages/cmd/basic/openshell.html
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---
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layout: page
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author: De Vita Gianmarco
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title: Open the Shell
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---
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<p>The tool that allows us to interact with the system with the shell is the terminal.
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There are mainly two ways to access to the terminal on a MacOS system.</p>
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<h3>Through the Finder</h3>
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<ol>
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<li>Open a new <i>Finder</i> window by clicking on the icon on the system dock.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Open Finder" height="">
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<li>On the menu bar, click on <i>Go</i>.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Click on Go" height="">
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<li>Click on <i>Utilities</i>.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Click on Utilities" height="">
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<li>Look for <i>Terminal</i> and click on it.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Open Terminal" height="">
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</ol>
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<h3>Through <i>Spotlight</i></h3>
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<ol>
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<li>You can use the shortcut <code>cmd+space</code> to access to <i>Spotlight</i>.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Access to Spotlight" height="">
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<li>Then search for <i>Terminal</i>.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Search Terminal" height="">
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<li>Click on the <i>Terminal</i> icon displayed as result.</li>
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<img src="" alt="Open Terminal" height="">
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</ol>
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<p>As you open the Terminal, a new blank window opens: </p>
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<img src="" alt="Terminal Blank Window" height="">
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<p> You can notice that the top lines in the window follow this structure:</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Last login: Day Month 2 hh:mm:ss on console
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Device-name:~ username$
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{% endhighlight %}
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<p>The tilde (~) just before your username means that the current position in
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which the terminal is working is the Home directory. The gray spot next to
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the symbol $ after your username indicates that you can write instructions
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in that space.</p>
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<p>Now, you are ready to try and use some simple commands
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to familiarize with this interface.</p>
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<p>Notice that you can work simultaneously on multiple sessions of the Terminal.
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Just by pushing <code>cmd+T</code>, a new blank window will open without closing the current.</p>
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71
site/pages/cmd/basic/say.html
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71
site/pages/cmd/basic/say.html
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---
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layout: page
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author: De Vita Gianmarco
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title: SAY
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---
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<p>You can convert text into audible speech just by writing the command
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<code>say</code> followed by a string. This is possible thanks to the
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Speech Synthesis manager.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Device-name:Current-position username$ say string
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{% endhighlight %}
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<p>Naturally, the wide presence of flags for this command allows you to use
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this command for many different tasks. Notice that using more flag
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simultaneously, you will be able to solve more complex operations.</p>
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<h3>Read a particular file</h3>
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<p>By writing the command followed by the flag <code>-f</code> and, instead
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of the string, by the path of a text file, you will get as output a voice
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reading the content of that file.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Device-name:Current-position username$ say -f path/text.txt
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{% endhighlight %}
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<h3>Specify the reading voice</h3>
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<p>By writing the flag <code>-v</code> followed by a person name and a string, you
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can decide which voice should read the string.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -v name string
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{% endhighlight %}
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<p><b>Notice.</b> Of course, you're not expected to know every possible voice,
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so, by writing "?" as argument of the command (including also the flag -v),
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you will get a list of all the available voices.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -v ?
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{% endhighlight %}
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<h3>Specify the Speech Rate</h3>
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<p>By writing the flag <code>-r</code> followed by a rate and then by a
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string, you can decide the reading speed in words per minute.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -r rate string
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{% endhighlight %}
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<h3>Store the output in an audible file</h3>
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<p>You can save the result of the command in an audible file. To do that,
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you have just to write after the command the flag <code>-o</code> followed
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by the path/name of the output file and then the string that has to be read.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -o path/audiofile.*format string
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{% endhighlight %}
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<h3>Exercise - Flags combinations</h3>
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<p>As said above, you can use more flags in the same command, once you know
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well them. See the examples below and try to guess the output. You can
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copy these commands into your terminal to verify your answers.</p>
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -v Alex -f hello_world.txt
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{% endhighlight %}
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{% highlight ruby linenos %}
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Current-position username$ say -o hi.aac -f hello_world.txt
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{% endhighlight %}
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