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git-svn-id: svn+ssh://atelier.inf.usi.ch/home/bevilj/group-1@127 a672b425-5310-4d7a-af5c-997e18724b81
47 lines
2.7 KiB
HTML
47 lines
2.7 KiB
HTML
---
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layout: page
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category_title: file system
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category-page: navigation
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tags: lS
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author: Mirko Ponzio
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title: LS
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---
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<p>
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<h1>LS, list directory contents</h1>
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<h2>What is LS?</h2>
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<p>
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In computing, ls is a command to list computer files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. ls is specified by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification.
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When invoked without any arguments, ls lists the files in the current working directory. The command is also available in the EFI shell.
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In other environments, such as DOS and Microsoft Windows, similar functionality is provided by the dir command.
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<br><br>
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Unix and Unix-like operating systems maintain the idea of a current working directory, that is, where one is currently positioned in the hierarchy of directories.
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When invoked without any arguments, ls lists the files in the current working directory.
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If another directory is specified, then ls will list the files there, and in fact the user may specify any list of files and directories to be listed.
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<br><br>
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Files whose names start with "." are not listed, unless the -a flag is specified, the -A flag is specified, or the files are specified explicitly.
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<br><br>
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Without options, ls displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files.
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The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are:
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<ul>
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<li> -l long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, last-modified date and filename </li>
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<li> -f do not sort. Useful for directories containing large numbers of files. </li>
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<li> -F appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.</li>
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<li> -a lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.</li>
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<li> -R recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files. </li>
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<li> -d shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory. </li>
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<li> -t sort the list of files by modification time. </li>
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<li> -h print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.) This option is not part of the POSIX standard,
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although implemented in several systems, e.g., GNU coreutils in 1997, FreeBSD 4.5 in 2002, and Solaris 9 in 2002. </li>
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</ul>
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</p>
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<h2> LS, all commands </h2>
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<p> The following options are available: </p><br>
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<p>-@ <br>
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Display extended attribute keys and sizes in long (-l) output.
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</p> <br>
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